Following the American Civil War Sesquicentennial with day by day writings of the time, currently 1863.

Thursday, May 31, 2012

31st.—The booming of cannon, at no very distant point, thrills us with apprehension. We know that a battle is going on. God help us! Now let every heart be raised to the God of battles.

Evening.—General Johnston brought in wounded, not mortally, but painfully, in the shoulder. Other wounded are being brought in. The fight progressing; but we are driving them.

Night.—We have possession of the camp—the enemy’s camp. The place is seven miles from Richmond. General Lee is ordered to take General Johnston’s place. The fight may be renewed to-morrow.

May 31 —This morning Jackson’s forces were moving up the Valley, as the Yankees under the command of General Shields are advancing from east Virginia; through Chester’s Gap near Front Royal. We marched toward Front Royal, and when we arrived within a few miles of town we saw a new set of Yanks posted on Guard Hill, which is an excellent and commanding position just about a mile from the town. They had one regiment of infantry, some cavalry, and two pieces of artillery.

We opened fire on them with two rifled guns. They did not return our fire, but left their position and disappeared in an adjacent ravine.

We left them and moved across the country and struck the Valley pike at Newtown. When we arrived there the pike, as far as I could see, was crowded with Jackson’s wagon train moving up the Valley. We joined the great caravan and moved with it to within one mile of Cedar Creek, where we camped for the night.

May 31—Up to date nothing transpired worth relating, but this morning got orders to leave. Left at 6 A.M. Our company got passenger cars, and the balance of our regiment had to take box cars.

Headquarters 5th Prov. Army Corps,

Camp ½ mile from New Bridge [about June 1, 1862]

Dear Father, — We moved this morning from Cold Harbor to this point, from a half to a quarter of a mile from New Bridge. The distance was short, being only two miles. To-morrow, if what I can gather be correct, we shall advance upon Richmond, and then I think we shall have one of the bloodiest battles of the war. We shall probably have a tough time of it, as the rebels are massing their troops right in front of us, they knowing that Porter’s corps is here, and being in dread of it, I hope with good reason. I know that all our generals expect a severe fight, and that General Porter said we should have a bloody battle. I should not write you all this if I did not think that the result of the battle would be known before this reaches you. I have great confidence in General Porter and McClellan, and have no doubt but that we shall soon be in Richmond.

We hear rumors to-day that Banks has been defeated. I am afraid that is true, but hope not.[1] . . .

I started for camp the day after you left, and found that I had rather overestimated my strength, for the next day I was very weak, and feared a relapse. I luckily got over it safely, and am now as well as ever. We are encamped in a field next to Dr. Gaines’s house, which General Smith occupied as his headquarters. It is a beautiful place with some splendid oaks in front of the house which it would do you good to see. They are perfect in shape, and with their new and fresh foliage on, look really splendid. There is an air of neatness about the place which resembles New England more than any place I have seen. Guinea fowl abound, and James wants me to send you a pair. I had a plate of strawberries this morning which tasted very pleasantly. They were a present to General Porter.

The chief annoyances of our camp life here arc had water and insects. General Butterfield had nine ticks on him the other day. Decidedly disagreeable. The water troubles me more than anything. I don’t like tea or coffee, and I do like to drink water.

There are rumors, and merely rumors, that General Porter will be made governor of Richmond in case of our taking it. Counting one’s chickens, etc. Some even go so far as to say that he will be governor of Virginia. This of course would not be, as some politician would have that place. Please don’t mention these rumors, as I think they all take their rise from the staff, who would like some such arrangement.

In case of a fight you need not expect to hear from me for some four days, as I can’t get at the telegraph, and letters take a long while to go now. . . .


[1] He had been defeated by Jackson at Front Royal, on May 26.

MAY 31ST.—Everybody is upon the tip-toe of expectation. It has been announced (in the streets!) that a battle would take place this day, and hundreds of men, women, and children repaired to the hills to listen, and possibly to see, the firing. The great storm day before yesterday, it is supposed, has so swollen the Chickahominy as to prevent McClellan’s left wing from retreating, and reinforcements from being sent to its relief. The time is well chosen by Gen. Johnston for the attack, but it was bad policy to let it be known where and when it would be made; for, no doubt, McClellan was advised of our plans an hour or so after they were promulged in the streets. Whose fault is this? Johnston could hardly be responsible for it, because he is very reticent, and appreciates the importance of keeping his purposes concealed from the enemy. Surely none of his subordinates divulged the secret, for none but generals of division knew it. It must have been found out and proclaimed by some one in the tobacco interest. It is true, Mr. Randolph told Mr. Jacques a great battle would begin at 8 A.M., to-day; but he would not propagate such news as that!

But the battle did not occur at the time specified. Gen. Huger’s division was not at the allotted place of attack at the time fixed upon. His excuse is that there was a stream to cross, and understanding Gen. Longstreet was his senior in command (which is not the fact, however), he permitted his division to have precedence. All the divisions were on the ground in time but Huger’s, but still no battle. Thousands of impatient spectators are venting their criticisms and anathemas, like an audience at a theater when some accident or disarrangement behind the scenes prevents the curtain from rising.

At last, toward noon, a few guns are heard; but it was not till 4 P.M. that Huger’s division came upon the field. Nevertheless, the battle began in earnest before that hour ; and we could hear distinctly not only the cannon but the musketry.

The hearts of our soldiers have been inspired with heroic resolution, and their arms nerved with invincible power to overcome the difficulties known to be in the way. Every one is aware that the camp of the enemy, on this side of the Chickahominy, is almost impregnably intrenched; and in front of the works trees have been cut down and the limbs sharpened, so as to interpose every obstacle to our advance.

Ever and anon after rapid firing of cannon, and a tremendous rattle of musketry, a pause would ensue; and we knew what this meant! A battery had been taken at the point of the bayonet, and we cheered accordingly. One after another, we could in this manner perceive the strongholds of the enemy fall into our hands.

Toward sundown it was apparent that the intrenched camp had been taken; and as the deep booming of cannon became more distant, and the rattle of musketry less distinct, we felt certain that the foe was flying, and that our men were pursuing them. But we knew that our men would take everything they were ordered to take. They care not for wounds and death. This is their only country. But the enemy have a country to run to, and they hope to live, even if defeated here. If they kill all our young men, the old men and women, and even our children, will seize their arms and continue the conflict.

At night. The ambulances are coming in with our wounded. They report that all the enemy’s strong defenses were stormed, just as we could perceive from the sounds. They say that our brave men suffered much in advancing against the intrenchments, exposed to the fire of cannon and small arms, without being able to see the foe under their shelter ; but when they leaped over the breastworks and turned the enemy’s guns on them, our loss was more than compensated. Our men were shot in front; the enemy in the back—and terrible was the slaughter. We got their tents, all standing, and a sumptuous repast that had just been served up when the battle began. Gen. Casey’s headquarters were taken, and his plate and smoking viands were found on his table. His papers fell into our hands. We got a large amount of stores and refreshments, so much needed by our poor braves! There were boxes of lemons, oranges, brandies and wines, and all the luxuries of distant lands which enter the unrestricted ports of the United States. These things were narrated by the pale and bleeding soldiers, who smiled in triumph at their achievement. Not one in the long procession of ambulances uttered a complaint. Did they really suffer pain from their wounds? This question was asked by thousands, and the reply was, “not much.” Women and children and slaves are wending to the hospitals, with baskets of refreshments, lint, and bandages. Every house is offered for a hospital, and every matron and gentle daughter, a tender nurse.

But how fares it with the invader? Unable to recross the swollen Chickahominy, the Yankees were driven into an almost impenetrable swamp, where they must pass the night in water up to their knees. The wounded borne off by them will have no ministrations from their sisters and mothers, and their dead are abandoned on the field. If Huger had come up at the time appointed, the enemy would have been ruined.

Saturday, 31st—There was still some fighting today with the fleeing rebels, and we took some prisoners, but the main part of the army had too much of a start on us.

The Eleventh Iowa received four months’ pay today. I drew $53.00. We had to make settlement at this time for all clothing purchased.

May 31st.

I was interrupted so frequently yesterday that I know not how I continued to write so much. First, I was sent for, to go to Mrs. Brunot, who had just heard of her son’s death, and who was alone with Dena; and some hours after, I was sent for, to see Fanny, now Mrs. Trezevant, who had just come with her husband to bring us news of George. A Mrs. Montgomery, who saw him every day at Norfolk, said Jimmy was with him, and though very sick at first, was now in good health. The first news in all that long time! When the city was evacuated, George went with his regiment seven miles from Richmond, Jimmy to the city itself, as aide to Com. Hollins. This lady brought George’s opal ring and diamond pin. Howell and Mr. Badger, who had just joined the guerrillas as independents, spent the day with me.

We were all in such confusion that I felt ashamed: every one as dirty as possible; I had on the same dress I had escaped in, which, though then perfectly clean, was now rather — dirty. But they knew what a time we had had.

To return to my journal.

Lucy met mother some long way ahead of us, whose conscience was already reproaching her for leaving us, and in answer to her “What has become of my poor girls?” ran down the road to find us, for Lucy thinks the world can’t keep on moving without us. When she met us, she walked by the cart, and it was with difficulty we persuaded her to ride a mile; she said she felt “used” to walking now. About five miles from home, we overtook mother. The gentleman had been obliged to go for his wife, so Mary gave her her seat on the cart, and walked with Lucy three miles beyond, where we heard that Lilly and the children had arrived in a cart, early in the day. All the talk by the roadside was of burning homes, houses knocked to pieces by balls, famine, murder, desolation; so I comforted myself singing, “Better days are coming” and “I hope to die shouting, the Lord will provide”; while Lucy toiled through the sun and dust, and answered with a chorus of “I’m a-runnin’, a-runnin’ up to glo-ry!”

It was three o’clock when we reached Mr. David’s and found Lilly. How warm and tired we were! A hasty meal, which tasted like a feast after our fatigue, gave us fresh strength, and Lilly and Miriam got in an old cart with the children to drive out here, leaving me with mother and Dellie to follow next day. About sunset, Charlie came flying down the road, on his way to town. I decided to go, and after an obstinate debate with mother, in which I am afraid I showed more determination than amiability, I wrung a reluctant consent from her, and, promising not to enter if it was being fired or plundered, drove off in triumph. It was a desperate enterprise for a young girl, to enter a town full of soldiers on such an expedition at night; but I knew Charlie could take care of me, and if he was killed I could take care of myself; so I went.

It was long after nine when we got there, and my first act was to look around the deserted house. What a scene of confusion! armoirs spread open, with clothes tumbled in every direction, inside and out; ribbons, laces on floors; chairs overturned; my desk wide open covered with letters, trinkets, etc.; bureau drawers half out, the bed filled with odds and ends of everything. I no longer recognized my little room. On the bolster was a little box, at the sight of which I burst out laughing. Five minutes before the alarm, Miriam had been selecting those articles she meant to take to Greenwell, and, holding up her, box, said, “If we were forced to run for our lives without a moment’s warning, I’d risk my life to save this, rather than leave it!” Yet here lay the box, and she was safe at Greenwell!

It took me two hours to pack father’s papers, then I packed Miriam’s trunk, then some of mother’s and mine, listening all the while for a cannon; for men were constantly tramping past the house, and only on condition our guerrillas did not disturb them had they promised not to recommence the shelling. Charlie went out to hear the news, and I packed alone.

It seems the only thing that saved the town was two gentlemen who rowed out to the ships, and informed the illustrious commander that there were no men there to be hurt, and he was only killing women and children. The answer was, “He was sorry he had hurt them; he thought of course the town had been evacuated before the men were fools enough to fire on them, and had only shelled the principal streets to intimidate the people.” These streets were the very ones crowded with flying women and children, which they must have seen with their own eyes, for those lying parallel to the river led to the Garrison at one end and the crevasse at the other, which cut off all the lower roads, so that the streets he shelled were the only ones that the women could follow, unless they wished to be drowned. As for the firing, four guerrillas were rash enough to fire on a yawl which was about to land without a flag of truce, killing one, wounding three, one of whom afterwards died.

They were the only ones in town, there was not a cannon in our hands, even if a dozen men could be collected, and this cannonading was kept up in return for half a dozen shots from as many rifles, without even a show of resistance after! So ended the momentous shelling of Baton Rouge, during which the valiant Farragut killed one whole woman, wounded three, struck some twenty houses several times apiece, and indirectly caused the death of two little children who were drowned in their flight, one poor little baby that was born in the woods, and several cases of the same kind, besides those who will yet die from the fatigue, as Mrs. W. D. Phillips who had not left her room since January, who was carried out in her-nightgown, and is now supposed to be in a dying condition. The man who took mother told us he had taken a dying woman — in the act of expiring — in his buggy, from her bed, and had left her a little way off, where she had probably breathed her last a few moments after. There were many similar cases. Hurrah for the illustrious Farragut, the Woman Killer!!!

It was three o’clock before I left off packing, and took refuge in a tub of cold water, from the dust and heat of the morning. What a luxury the water was! and when I changed my underclothes I felt like a new being. To be sure I pulled off the skin of my heel entirely, where it had been blistered by the walk, dust, sun, etc., but that was a trifle, though still quite sore now. For three hours I dreamed of rifled shells and battles, and at half-past six I was up and at work again. Mother came soon after, and after hard work we got safely off at three, saving nothing but our clothes and silver. All else is gone. It cost me a pang to leave my guitar, and Miriam’s piano, but it seems there was no help for it, so I had to submit.

It was dark night when we reached here. A bright fire was blazing in front, but the house looked so desolate that I wanted to cry. Miriam cried when I told her her piano was left behind. Supper was a new sensation, after having been without anything except a glass of clabber (no saucers) and a piece of bread since half-past six. I laid down on the hard floor to rest my weary bones, thankful that I was so fortunate as to be able to lie down at all. In my dozing state, I heard the wagon come, and Miriam ordering a mattress to be put in the room for me. I could make out, “Very well! you may take that one to Miss Eliza,[1] but the next one shall be brought to Miss Sarah!” Poor Miriam! She is always fighting my battles. She and the servants are always taking my part against the rest of the world. . . . She and Lucy made a bed and rolled me in it with no more questions, and left me with damp eyes at the thought of how good and tender every one is to me. Poor Lucy picked me a dish of blackberries to await my arrival, and I was just as grateful for it, though they were eaten by some one else before I came.

Early yesterday morning, Miriam, Nettie, and Sophie, who did not then know of their brother’s death, went to town in a cart, determined to save some things, Miriam to save her piano. As soon as they were halfway, news reached us that any one was allowed to enter, but none allowed to leave the town, and all vehicles confiscated as soon as they reached there. Alarmed for their safety, mother started off to find them, and we have heard of none of them since. What will happen next? I am not uneasy. They dare not harm them. It is glorious to shell a town full of women, but to kill four lone ones is not exciting enough.


[1] Lilly.

To Mrs. Lyon.

(The following letter was written in the trenches in lead pencil, on the brown paper that was wrapped around his loaf of bread) :

May 31, 1862.—I wrote you yesterday in the trenches, two miles from Corinth and one mile from the rebel fortifications. Today I write you from the same place.

Yesterday there was a brisk artillery fight, lasting nearly all day, between one of our batteries and a rebel fort a mile off, mounting four guns. Their shell and shot passed over our entrenchments, in which we lay quietly and safely. During the night there have been movements going on which convince us that Corinth is evacuated. There has been great activity among our troops this morning, and as I write our men are taking possession, without fighting, of the fort that fired at us so vigorously yesterday and on Wednesday. The stars and stripes wave over it in plain view of us, and the wild cheers of our men give but a faint expression of our delight .

Lieut. Lathrop, of Company I, who is acting as Aide to Colonel Loomis, in temporary command of our brigade, just rode along our lines and informed us that two of our regiments were already in Corinth. And thus, through the masterly generalship of General Halleck, the battle of Corinth has been fought and won with so little loss of life. Where the rebels have gone, or what our future movements will be, is yet a profound mystery to us. And now, after telling you for the fiftieth time that I am perfectly well and that the health of the boys is very good, I will give you a few more details of the fight.

On Wednesday the rebel line of attack was immediately in front of the 8th Wisconsin and the 5th Minnesota, posted on our left. We lay behind the brow of a slight elevation of ground. We heard the rebels coming, heard their officers cheering them on in terms more earnest than polite, but we lay still until they were within ten rods of us, when the old 8th rose and poured a volley into them that threw them into the wildest confusion. Before they reached the woods in their rear we poured ten more volleys into them. As they retreated our artillery got a raking fire on them, killing and wounding large numbers. We found fifteen or twenty dead and wounded immediately in front of our company. The dead we buried, the wounded we cared for.

Our regiment stood firm to a man, and did the most of the fighting done by infantry on that day. Thousands of men saw us in the fight, and everybody speaks in the highest terms of the courage of the 8th. Let Wisconsin be assured that her honor will never be compromised by her sons of the ‘Eagle Regiment.’

Our loss is remarkably light. I have already told you that Ralph M. Coon of my company was killed. He was standing in the front ranks, fighting bravely, and was shot through the body. He said he was wounded, walked calmly to the rear, and was carried off the field. He soon became insensible and died in an hour. We sent his body back to the camp, and yesterday sorrowing friends laid the brave young hero in his last resting place. Let his name be added to the roll of honor!

Charles Noyes, also of Company K, was severely wounded in the leg, just above the knee. He, too, was in the front rank, bravely doing his duty when he was struck. He appears to be doing well and is in good spirits. S. A. Henderson was also slightly wounded in the hand.

I must give you a little circumstance, too good to be lost, showing the temper of some of our boys.

Lucas Lathrop, son of A. H. Lathrop, of Mount Pleasant, is as fine a specimen of a soldier and patriot as you will find. Brave, intelligent and earnest, he has gained the respect of the entire regiment. He is a soldier of the Cromwellian stamp, a devoted Christian, carrying his religion with him, holding prayer meetings in his tent, and striving to set a worthy example to his comrades. Speaking of him in a recent skirmish, one writes the following incident:

‘Lathrop and Finch were standing side by side loading their guns. Not far in advance of them stood a great, powerful looking rebel sharpshooter, also loading his piece. Lathrop saw him, and tapping Finch on the shoulder said, pointing: “There stands a tolerably large man,” and deliberately drawing his gun to his shoulder, fired. Suffice it to say that the traitor never finished loading his gun. Lathrop turned coolly around and remarked: “Mr. Finch, I think I hurt that man, but it can’t be helped now.” ‘

31st. Saturday. Wrote a short letter to Uncle. Issued seven days’ rations. The Major bought a mess box, $18, a splendid one. Received a letter from home.

29th, 30th and 31st.—I am still too unwell to resume charge of this hospital, and as I hear of no action in the army, I have nothing to record.