Following the American Civil War Sesquicentennial with day by day writings of the time, currently 1863.

Kate Cumming: A Journal of Hospital Life in the Confederate Army of Tennessee.

July 21.—We intend leaving to-morrow, and are now at Dr. Taylor’s house; he is a surgeon in the army, and for some time was one of our patients. Mrs. Hodges, who is keeping house for him, has very kindly invited us to remain with her until we leave, as all our household things have been sent to the train.

I rode out this afternoon, in company with Dr. Burt, and paid a visit to the Twenty-fourth Alabama Regiment. There I saw Lieutenant Chamberlane, now captain, and Captain Fowler, whom I met in Okolona. The regiment was encamped in a grove of trees; it had a few tents for the officers and commissary stores. The only protection the men have from inclement weather is their blankets put on sticks about three feet high.

The men were busy preparing supper, and I did not think looked altogether pleased at my visiting them, as their attire and employment is not such as they would wish them to be. But there is more true glory in their dress than all the gilt lace, brass buttons, and holiday attire usually worn by fireside soldiers, and in their work, than if they had scores of attendants to do it for them.

I could not help contrasting this camp with the one I last visited. It was when the war first commenced, and our house had been emptied of furniture to put in the tents, as we thought it impossible for men to do without certain things which they had been accustomed to at home. Since then they have learned a few lessons, in this respect, as we all have.

I saw this regiment when it first went into active service, not more than a year ago; it was then a large regiment, and now a mere fragment answers to the roll-call.

Yesterday Mrs. W. and I visited the soldiers’ grave-yard. That hallowed spot! There reposes the dust of men from every state in the South. There is naught to mark the places where these heroes sleep, save slight mounds of earth; at the head of each is a small piece of wood, numbered. But it matters little that no marble monument is there, for

 

“What hallows ground where heroes sleep?

‘T is not the sculptured piles you heap!”

 

No; it is a nation’s tears and grateful benedictions which make their last resting place a sacred spot . By their grateful country they shall ever be remembered.

 

“Forget them not; though now their name

Be but a mournful sound;

Though by the hearth its utterance claim

A stillness round.

 

The holy dead! O, blessed we are

That we may call them so,

And to their image look afar,

Through all our woe!”

 

The head-board I had put at Mr. Barstow’s grave was quite conspicuous. The inscription had been put on so strangely, that I could scarcely make sense out of it. I feel confident that no one will take the artist for a pupil of Lindley Murray’s.

There were two others: one erected by some kind friend; the other I had put at the head of Mr. Davis’s grave, at his father’s request.

We returned by way of the river. The scenery on its banks is really enchanting.

 

“Not Katrine, in her mirror blue,

Gives back the shaggy bonks more true,”

 

than does the Tennessee the lofty and rugged hills that look down upon its placid waters.

We saw many of our men at work on the fortifications; they looked well, and were cheerful. They seemed to have little faith that their work would amount to any thing, and said they would not be at all surprised if by to-morrow they were ordered to evacuate Chattanooga, and that they were only given the work to do for fear they might forget how it was done. We intend taking two girls from here with us. They are orphans; neither of them can read. The eldest is nineteen years of age, the other sixteen. They begged so very hard for us to take them along. I am in hopes we can be of some service to them by teaching them.

I regret leaving Chattanooga as the army is here, but its movements are very uncertain; perhaps before many days we may be much nearer it than we care for, although Dr. Stout does not seem to think so, as he is having another new hospital erected at Camp Direction. I do not know why, but few persons think that General Bragg intends holding this place.

Sunday, July 19.—This morning Dr. Quintard preached to a crowded house. Almost every general in the army was present. I saw General Polk; he is really a noble-looking man. One of his daughters was with him. She is very pretty.

Dr. Q. preached a very fine sermon. His text was, “For we are journeying unto the place of which the Lord hath said, I will give it you.” In the afternoon Dr. Cannon preached a sequel to it; an excellent one.

The first was reminding us that, whether in peace or war, there was a journey we were all taking, that sooner or later would come to an end; and warning us to prepare to enter into that land which the Lord has prepared for those who keep his commandments. The last was telling us about the blessed rest which God had prepared for his people. How many such teachings do we despise!

“It is written, As I live, saith the Lord, every knee shall bow to me, and every tongue shall confess to God.”

We fall down and worship, but certainly not the Maker and Ruler of all things. There are few who would like being called the enemies of God, and yet has he not said, He that is not with me is against me? And are we not commanded to worship him with our whole heart? I know of many, apparently good men, who do not seem to think that they have any right to confess Christ before men; and these men know in their hearts that the Bible is no fable, and yet they reject its teachings every hour of their lives. When I ask these men why they live so, the answer often is that there are so many wicked men in the church. I sometimes ask them if that is the answer they intend giving the Judge of all on that great day when we shall have to give an account, not of what our neighbors have done, but what we ourselves have? I scarcely think the excuse will avail, that we went astray because our neighbor did, and because some in the Church

 

“Have erred, and some are slow to lead us right,

Stopping to pry, when stuff and lamp should he in hand.”

 

We do not reason thus about our worldly affairs. Why should we not use common sense regarding our spiritual ones? “To him that knoweth to do good, and doeth it not, to him it is sin.” There is no more sublime sight than the man of intellect and great mind, bowing in adoration to his Maker.

A good moral man without religion is like a mariner trying to find his way through the seas without a compass.

 

“God never meant that man should scale the heavens

By strides of human wisdom. In his works,

Though wondrous, he commands us in his word

To seek him rather where his mercy shines.”

July 18.—I went to the church this afternoon to practice for the choir, and there I found Dr. Quintard and Dr. Cannon enveloped in a cloud of dust. They were both sweeping, trying to make the church look as clean as possible. Mr. Stickney and I went and procured covering for the communion table; after every thing was fixed we scarcely knew the place. Dr. Q. is a man of great energy. He has already collected twenty-five hundred dollars, and contracted for seats for the church.

Dr. Q. introduced me to Colonel Palmer of the Eighteenth Tennessee Regiment. He is a fine-looking man, and I am told brave to a fault. He was wounded at the battle of Murfreesboro.

Our hospital has been divided; Dr. Hunter and the Newsom Hospital have gone to Cleveland in this state. Three of the ladies have gone with it. Mrs. W., Miss Ellis, and myself are going to Kingston, Georgia; Dr. Hopping is going there too. Drs. Burt and Soles are going to a new hospital in this place, called Camp Direction Hospital. I regret leaving Dr. Hunter, as he has been very kind to us, and I also regret leaving his wife, who is a very lovely woman.

I had a visit from Rev. Mr. Williams. We shall miss him very much, as he has been most attentive to our patients, praying and talking to them in season and out of season.

I have spent the best part of the week visiting. I spent one evening at Mr. Corbin’s, Mrs. Dr. Fry’s father; had music, and a very delightful evening.

I spent another with Mrs. Whitesides. There I met quite a pleasant party, and among them some ladies from Kentucky; Dr. Q., and Dr. C., and Mr. Stickney. I had heard much of the vocal powers of one of the Kentucky ladies, but must own I have been sadly disappointed. She had a very remarkable voice, but has put the science of music at defiance; sings to suit her fancy. She sang the “Gloria in Excelsis,” the most solemn and beautiful anthem we have, with as many operatic touches as the “Casta Diva.” Mrs. W. is a refined and highly intelligent lady, and has the faculty of making every one at ease in her house. Her young daughter, who played for us, is a sweet young lady. I shall ever remember the family with pleasure.

My friends, Mr. and Mrs. Brewer, are packing up to leave. The last time I saw them, Mr. B. said he put no faith in General Bragg erecting fortifications, and that he would not be surprised to wake up some morning and find the army gone.

July 13.—Went out shopping to-day, and met John Hazzard of Mobile, captain of the Confederate Guards, which is in the Twenty-fourth Alabama Regiment. Camp life had improved him so much I scarcely knew him. He is a noble-looking young man, and one that Mobile may well be proud of. I had a visit a few days ago from Captain O’Brien of the same regiment.

General Bragg visited our hospital and complimented it highly. It is a pity we have to move, but there is too much noise here. We have been compelled to have the street barricaded to prevent wagons passing.

July 9.—Vicksburg has really gone. I suppose we were compelled to surrender it. I wish our people would not tell so many untruths as they have about this place. Only a few days ago we heard there were provisions enough in it to last six months, and now it is said our troops were dying of starvation. All looks gloomy; there is scarcely one bright spot to be seen.

General Lee went into Pennsylvania, and had a desperate battle at Gettysburg. After losing many of our best men, he was compelled to retreat. It is said he has brought out a vast amount of spoils. All these disasters only serve to prolong the war; for I am certain that, happen what will, we will never be slaves to the foe.

 

"A breath of submission we breathe not;

The sword that we’ve drawn we will sheath not!

Its scabbard is left where our martyrs are laid,

And the vengeance of ages has whetted its blade".

Earth may hide, waves engulf, fire consume us,

But they shall not to slavery doom us."

 

There is an old Scotch proverb which says "It is a lang road that has na a turnin." The Federals have been having every thing their own way lately. Our day will soon come.

 

"What though sunken be the sun,

There are stars when day is done."

July 7.—My brother came to see me to-day, and I could scarcely repress the tears. He looked so badly, I could hardly believe he was the same I had seen ten days ago. He met the army near Tullahoma, and has been on the move ever since. He had a horse, and was much better off than many others. He says the retreat from Kentucky was nothing to this one, and said, “If Bragg had only let us fight, I would not grumble, as I know we would have whipped them.” I have been told the same by many others of the men; all seemed eager for the fight; but General Bragg knows best what to do.

It is again rumored that Vicksburg has fallen; but I will wait for more proof before believing it. I observe, at a time like this, that our people always get low spirited, and are ready to believe all the bad news they hear.

I had a visit from Captain Goldston of Morgan’s squadron. He had just come from Kentucky and had seen Mr. Speaker’s mother and sisters. Mrs. W. had given Captain G. a lock of Mr. S.’s hair; he had given it to them, and they sent us their thanks for our attention to him.

July 6.—I have just had a visit from our old surgeon, Dr. P. Thornton. He is in Wharton’s cavalry, which is under Wheeler. They covered the retreat . He says they fought day and night for a week, and that our men have had a trying time, as every thing had to be brought off in a hurry, and we had so many mountains to cross. He also says they have left the enemy far behind.

We have just received orders to send every man away. Those who are not able to leave this place are to be sent to other hospitals, as we are so near the river, and would get, in case of an attack, the full benefit of the firing.

This place already begins to look like Corinth. Troops are passing and repassing constantly; the noise from the wagons is deafening. We used to have guards to stop wagons and horsemen galloping past; but those things are not heeded now.

It is thought, if this place should be well fortified, and we chose to hold it, it would stand a siege of years, as it has the strongest natural defenses in the Confederacy.

All are in the dark as to what is going to be done. Some feel satisfied that General Bragg could not have made any other move than the one he has, as the Federals were aiming to flank him, and he had not men enough to force them to fight. If he had enemies before, they can be numbered now by the score. He seems to have no friends except the Alabamians; they have not lost confidence in him. He has certainly had much to contend with. I do not feel competent to judge of his abilities as a commander, but I do wish, for his own sake and that of the country, he would leave this department, as the confidence of men in a commander is every thing.

I am told that many of the Tennesseans have deserted. I think we are well rid of all who are base enough to live under the Lincoln government after the outrages it has committed on us.

 

“When so base as be a slave,

Let him turn and flee!”

 

With this retreat, as with every other I have seen, the men are so worn out that they tell all kind of stories about the army’s being demoralized. I have got used to this, and do not put faith in it. After they are well rested they will forget it.

Sunday, July 5.—Went to church this afternoon, and for the first time, I saw Rev. Dr. Quintard; knew him immediately, from a description I had read of him, written by Rev. Dr. Cross. I was introduced to him by Mr. E. Stickney. He inquired all about the hospitals; had heard of the time when Rev. Mr. Miller and the Mobile ladies had started on their mission; said he thought the reason it had proved a failure was because the ladies had not been educated in nursing, as are the Sisters of Charity, and he hoped some day we would have a sisterhood in the church as was in the day of the apostles, and is now in many parts of the old country.

He had been a surgeon in the army, and at one time had charge of a hospital, and had experienced a good deal of trouble with ladies in it.

He was much shocked at the state in which he found the church. The seats, floors, and every place else was covered with dust. He asked me if that was its usual condition. I answered, that I did not know, but the fact is, it is scarcely ever open, Mr. D. having duties to call him elsewhere.

Before preaching, Dr. Q. appointed a committee of men to raise funds, for the purpose of having the church cleaned and seats put in it, as at present the seats are rough planks.

Our army is coming in as fast as it can; we are near the river, and many of the men pass our hospital. Poor fellows, they look completely worn out, but very unlike what they were retreating from Corinth; camp life and hardships have improved them so much.

July 4.—What a glorious day this was once. Alas! how changed. It is now one of universal sorrow and gloom. If we could only visit the homes of many North and South, what a picture of desolation would be presented!

 

“Monie a sweet babe fatherless,

And a monie a widow mourning.”

 

And how many “Widow Grays,” who have lost their only sons, their all. May God be with them in their afflictions,

 

“And send, from the halls of Eternal Day,

The light of His peace to illumine their way.”

 

The hospital is filled with sick and wounded men, and men worn out with hunger and fatigue. The wounded are chiefly from Lidell’s Arkansas Brigade.

Mr. Bears, the prisoner, died to-day; his death was one of the happiest I have yet witnessed.

July 3.—We have just received news that Bragg and his whole army will be here in a day or two, and that there is a race between him and Rosecrans as to who will get here first.

We had an Englishman die to-day, by the name of Head, in Dr. Hopping’s ward. He was fully seventy years of age; was a prisoner, and said to be a bushwhacker. He denied it to the last. I did feel so sorry to see so old a man die in such a place.

Mrs. W. talked a great deal to him, and is confident he was innocent. He seemed to be religious, and prayed to the last; he was a large, fine-looking man; lived in Tennessee at the time of his arrest. He had been ten years in this country.

We have had a room filled with that class of men. One who had killed his captain looked as if he was crazy, and was manacled, hands and feet. It was heartbreaking to look at him when he died. Poor fellow! perhaps his captain provoked him to commit the deed.

We have another (I think he is a Frenchman), who was General Bragg’s orderly. They say he stole the general’s uniform. The poor fellow is deranged, or acts as if he was.

There is a Mr. Bears, who is under arrest for desertion, who seems to be one of the nicest kind of men, and a good Christian. He says when he left his regiment he had no idea of deserting—only went to see his wife. I do not think that is any excuse for his crime; still, we can not help feeling sorry for him. It is bad enough to see men suffer who are under no ban, but when they are here as those men are, it is distressing indeed.

Mrs. McFarland, a very nice lady from Mobile, has come to assist us. She will take charge of the convalescents, and see that their diet is properly prepared. This is a very important department in a hospital, but few persons seem to think so. All that this class of men require is good diet and a change from camp life. We get plenty of all kinds of vegetables, much more than we are able to cook in the utensils we have.

One day I called on the quartermaster, and asked him to give me a very nice stove he had. He refused, saying we had stoves enough. The next time I saw Dr. Stout I told him, so he gave me an order to get it right away.

Dr. S. says he wishes the hospitals under his care to be better supplied than any hotel in the Confederacy, and every dollar we receive from the government spent. Dr. Hunter has one great fault; he is loth to spend the money, and seems to think he is saving for the government. I do not think so, as the men are sent here from the army to recruit, and a change of diet is the main thing they need.

The assistant surgeons do all in their power to have the men well cared for, and they could not be more attentive than they are. There is not a day passes that I do not hear the patients speak in their praise. We have six; Dr. Hopping, a Georgian, is one of the kindest and best of men; he is a gentleman in the full sense of the term, and is much beloved by all.

Dr. Soles is one of those men who have no enemies. He takes the world easy; and, as the old saying, like master like man, all of his nurses take after him. We have more scolding to do in his ward than any of the others. When we tell the nurses about keeping their ward clean, they seem to think it is nonsense. But Dr. S.’s patients are all well cared for.

Dr. Burt is always in a good humor, and leads one to believe that there is such a thing in the world as constant sunshine. His patients have many a time told me, that the sight of him almost makes them well. His ward is his hobby; I call him “my ward;” it is always in perfect order. His ward has two bath-rooms, in which is a bathing-tub and shower-bath.

The other three surgeons I do not know much about, as the largest part of their wards are across the street; but I know they are most attentive to the patients. One of them, Dr. Nichol, is Dr. B.’s rival in the “ward” line, but there is a good deal of rivalry between all in that respect. Dr. N. was very cross one day, and found fault with Mrs. W. and myself, and said we did not visit his ward enough. We both make it a rule not to visit the wards when the surgeons are in them, and Dr. N. took it for granted we did not visit his at all, and told me one day he thought his patients would fare badly if he did not have good nurses, as Mrs. W. and myself did not attend them. I answered him, that I thought they would, if they waited for us to nurse them, as it is as much as we can do to see that the nurses do their duty. It is too bad to accuse Mrs. W. of neglect, when she has actually starved herself many a time to give food to the soldiers. There is no doctor who need feel at all flattered if we pay more attention to his sick than the others, as we have made a compact that where we see the surgeon at all neglectful we will devote the most care on that ward.

I have already mentioned Dr. Hunter very frequently. His hobby is, that he was the first to solve a problem, which was finding out that ladies are of service in the hospitals; this he prides himself on.

I see by a Mobile paper that General Pemberton has issued an order to his men, telling them that he has heard that he is called a traitor, and that he is determined to die in the trenches rather than surrender Vicksburg. It is also said that the garrison is well supplied with provisions, and can hold out many a day yet. The enemy seem to have put forth all their energy to take it. God grant that they never may.